Janet Yellen has said the Federal Reserve can be flexible in deciding when to raise interest rates, which have been near zero since 2008.
The Fed's chief said that while the US economy was improving, the US employment situation was still fragile.
"Too many Americans remain unemployed or underemployed... wage growth is still sluggish," she said.
Her comments helped propel US shares to fresh highs - the Dow and S&P 500 both closed at records.
Investors are not eager for the Fed to begin tightening anytime soon and a rate rise before June seems unlikely, as Ms Yellen also warned of weaknesses abroad.
In her semi-annual testimony in Congress she said: "Foreign economic developments, however, could pose risks to the outlook for US economic growth," she told Congress, focusing specifically on a slowdown in China as well as the struggling eurozone.
But she added that efforts to stimulate growth in the eurozone could ultimately help the US economy, and she noted that declining oil prices could provide a boost to US economic output.
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